SimTIO: A Simulation-Grounded Multi-Agent LLM Framework for Compositional Traffic Intervention Optimization

Traffic analysts must translate diagnosed bottlenecks into executable interventions without allowing local improvements to degrade network-wide performance. This study presents SimTIO, a simulation-grounded multi-agent large language model framework for composing and selecting traffic interventions under explicit operational constraints. SimTIO first simulates an unmodified SUMO scenario to identify a baseline-frozen set of ten bottleneck edges. A grounded sampler then initializes signal-control, corridor-speed, and demand-preserving routing actions, while three specialist agents use measured simulation feedback to select one-parameter refinements from validator-confirmed mutation catalogs. Compatible actions are combined and re-simulated so that their interaction effects are measured rather than inferred. Final selection minimizes bottleneck time loss while constraining network-wide delay, neighboring-road spillover, throughput loss, and teleport events, with the unmodified scenario retained as a no-operation guard. Across 15 cases covering five U.S. urban networks, three synthetic-demand seeds, and 2,400 origin-destination trips per scenario, SimTIO reduced Top-10 bottleneck time loss by an average of 9.18 percent and network-wide delay by 2.78 percent. It found a feasible improving plan in 86.7 percent of cases, compared with 73.3 percent for grounded random search and 80.0 percent for a deterministic heuristic under the same seven-simulation budget, although the differences in Top-10 improvement were not statistically significant. These results support using LLMs as constrained, feedback-guided local search operators while reserving final decision authority for executable tools, microscopic simulation, and explicit safety constraints.